Whats On Your Nightstand Topical Applications

Whats On Your Nightstand Topical Applications Ive been thankful, in the past week, for things that can be applied topically, bug spray in particular: Its High Mosquito Season here in the Mid-Atlantic (and many other regions). Who wants to be troubled by pesky flying insects when youre comfily esconced on a chaise in your backyard, in the middle of a great read? No one, thats who, but for me in particular, thinking about bug spray led to thinking about the phrase topical application which led to thinking how funny it is that topical can refer to a surface, but also to a subject area. (Yes, Im a wild woman.) That reminded me of the times in my reading life during which Ive followed one subject down a rabbit hole. Often, but not only, were these times centered around school. Sometimes I just get on a kick about a time period or a historical figure and want to read lots of stuff about it or her. A few years back, it was Marie Antoinette. Last year, it was the Mitford Sisters. This summer, its natural history and solitary individuals (Muir, Carson, Audobon). I know Im not alone in this. From time to time your TBR pile has resembled a library catalog number, hasnt it? This week, tell us about the topics that have you gathering up essays, histories, biographies, treatisesyou name it.  I cant wait to hear about your topical fascinationsand hope those skeeters stay far away from you.

Education Analysis Paper - 1448 Words

â€Å"The popular notion of what it’s like to teach in urban America is dominated by two extremes† (Michie, 1999, p. xxi). Gregory Michie succeeds admirably in rendering his teaching experiences in the complicated reality between two extremes in his book Holler If You Hear Me: The Education of a Teacher and His Students. Many people hear about the horror stories, portrayed by the media mainly, that schools in urban America are nothing short of chaos; uneducated and uninterested kids. Then there are other stories that are rarely heard of, about the one teacher who makes the difference in such a school. Michie’s account in his book skillfully avoids the simplification either extreme would demand. Holler if You Hear Me touches on a variety†¦show more content†¦146). As I was thinking about this, I wouldn’t have gone through the trouble of seeing this man brought to justice, although in the end he wasn’t. Michie wasn’t even there, but he knew if something wasn’t done, this would affect the way Reggie grew up and viewed life. It is this kind of dedication that inspires me to keep going to classes and writing papers. I want to help students to see our world in a different light. Joel Spring stated in his book, American Education, â€Å"the school will continue to be used in efforts to solve social, political, and economic problems† (Spring, 2004). The purpose of public schooling is to prepare today’s children for tomorrow’s problems. It is important not only to teachers and students, but also to the community as a whole. If the communities where these children are being raised see the teachers that teach their kids really do care, the implications are endless. Things could change, especially so for urban American communities. I know these are high hopes, but again, if I don’t set them, how will I even begin to see them through. Being a teacher means I must strive to connect with my students. I have to see beyond my basic responsibilities as a teacher and bring the stude nts to the fore-front of my life. It is theShow MoreRelatedThe Nature of Qualitative Studies1481 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction The purpose of this paper is to write a seven page essay with multiple sources including Elizabeth J. Tisdell’s (2000) paper on Spiritual Development and Commitments to Emancipotory Education in Women Adult Educators for Social Change in comparison to Sharan B. Merriam’s paper on How Cultural Values Shape Learning in Older Adulthood: The Case of Malaysia (2000).   Limitations The limitations on both Merriam’s (2000) paper was greater than that of Tisdell. MerriamRead MoreAcademic Research Reflection1203 Words   |  5 PagesReflection Paper One of the most important aspects of conducting a research project is maintaining the ethics of academic research and producing a paper that is free of plagiarism. 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This paper also considers the effects of various government financial transfers and gender-specific postsecondary education rates on fishery output levels. Results indicate the squareRead MoreUsing Visual Thinking for Effective Teaching and Learning Essay663 Words   |  3 PagesThe present diploma paper is focused on using visual thinking at the English language lessons for more effective teaching and learning. One of the priorities of Kazakhstan is the trilingual language policy of the State. The president of our country, Nursulatan Nazarbaev, has called citizens of Kazakhstan to learn three languages: Kazakh, Russian and English. He said: â€Å"Knowledge of three languages should become a standard practice for us. We are teaching these languages to our children starting from

Swot Analysis Of Nestle - 1302 Words

External Environment General Environment Overall, the general environment for Nestlà © is very good. Considered the world’s largest packaged food and beverage manufacturer in the world, Nestlà © operates in 12 different segments of the consumer products market, including baby foods, bottled water, cereals, candy, coffee, prepared and prepackaged foods, dairy, drinks, food service, healthcare and nutrition, ice cream and pet care. Its stable of brands includes some of the best-known names in the industry, such as Stouffer’s, Dreyer’s, Hà ¤agen-Daz, Purina, Aero, Butterfinger, Gerber, Maggi and Perrier. Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s fundamental purpose is to meet the needs of its customers and consumers for quality food products that offer value for money. It’s†¦show more content†¦They typically shop in bulk and are bargain hunters. As before mentioned, Nestlà © has a large variety of consumer markets. As such, the company does an amazing job at market segmentation i.e. lifestyle, personal ity, occupation, age and education. The graphic below illustrates the firm’s demographic picture: Sociocultural Segment Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s fundamental approach to business has been the creation of long-term sustainable value for its customers, consumers, employees, shareholders, and the society at large. The company’s Corporate Business Principles touts that it favors long-term business development over short-term profit. Being socially responsible is one of Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s greatest responsibilities. Especially in light of the Nestlà © boycott in 1977 by the Infant Formula Action Coalition. Nestlà © failed to be socially responsible in the 1970s, pushing out their infant formula products and discouraging breastfeeding. This action led to a worldwide boycott towards Nestlà © for encouraging formula over breastfeeding and failing to factor in the living conditions of third world countries. 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However, food industry may be truly complex and very competitive, therefore, it is necessary a SWOT analysis application in order to examine how the companyRead MoreNestle Maketing Plan1637 Words   |  7 PagesNestle Marketing Plan Benjamin Tello ERAU Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Company Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Market Segmentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....5 The 4 Ps of Marketing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....8 Abstract Nestle is one of the major companies in the food processing industry. It was founded in by Henri Nestle

Is literature the expression of the human condition Free Essays

string(204) " seem no good for ME to stay†I couldn’t do nothing, and I didn’t want to be hung if I could So I never stopped running till I found the canoe; told Jim to hurry, or theyd catch me get away\." Is Literature the Expression of the Human Condition Oh yes, is literature the expression of the human condition or is it not? Yes, literature is and for only one reason, Normans Conquest 1066. But also literature is recorders of history, recordings of time. Literature also a sequence of words, it can consist of all meanings, expressing the human condition, emotions, recorders, it defines life. We will write a custom essay sample on Is literature the expression of the human condition or any similar topic only for you Order Now The human condition is experiences of being human in a social, cultural, and personal context, it’s an aspect of positives and negatives of being human. So forth, literature is shown in Death of a Salesman, where Willy is stuck in his wn past and everyone but him knows that. But like all humans, we all have dreams, hopes, and plans. â€Å"LINDA: He’ll find his way. WILLY: Sure. Certain men Just don’t get started till later in life. Like Thomas Edison, I think. Or B. F. them was deaf. [He starts for the money on Biff. † Goodrich. One of bedroom doorway. ] I’ll put my Willy hoping that one day for Biff to be a famous salesman, like one of the best salesman out there, at the top with Thomas Edison, or B. F. or Goodrich. But both Linda and Willy knew that Biff would never be a major success in business, but even though they knew it, they still hoped and believed in him. The American dream was to be the number one, at the top better than everyone else and that’s what Willy always wanted, he wanted to be the best, especially the best salesman. He was living in the past and ruining all hopes of ever becoming the best. He Just couldn’t grasp on the fact that the future was coming sooner then he thought, and wasn’t ready for it. CHARLEY: â€Å"Nobody dast blame this man. You don’t understand: Willy was a salesman. And for a salesman, there’s no rock bottom to the life. He don’t put a bolt to a the law or give you medicine. He’s a nut, he don’t tell you man way out there in the blue riding on a smile and a ack†that’s an shoeshine. And when they start not smiling earthquake. And then you get yourself a couple spots your hat and your finished. Nobody dast blame this man. A salesman is got to dream boy, it comes with the territory. Charley insisting that Willy a salesman and no matter he always will be, his dream will never die, and even when your salesman and it’s not going the best it possibly can or you’re not the best in the world there’s no rock bottom. Also as you can see in Great Gatsby ,Literature is expressing that humans can be split by wealth The poor do their own thing, nave their own parties and hen the more wealthy class stay wit h their group and have their own events. But also in this book it prove one man’s love for a women and how long and how far people are willing to go to prove their love. Well for Gatsby he Just never gave up on the girl of his dreams, he followed her, set up every moment perfectly, planned everything. â€Å"Whenever you feel like criticizing any one†¦ Just remember that all the people in this world havent had the advantages that you’ve had. â€Å"(l) In life, not everyone has the opportunities as others would get, so it’s like that saying â€Å"Don’t Judge a book by its cover. † Because if you are criticizing people Just off looks, or what you think they might be or what they might have done, you might never know, and maybe you would be wrong. You never know what some people have been through, until that day you learn how to go up to them and stop Judging and talk to them and find out who they really are. In humans we have the intensity to always Judge someone, will it be looks, wealth, personality, how they talk, or what they do. No matter where you go it’s in the human condition that someone or everyone will Judge you, either it will be said to your face or in their mind. It’s human nature for Judging, to also debate weather how we will get treated or act. â€Å"Gatsby’s wonder when he first picked out the green light at the end of Daisy’s dock†¦. is dream must have close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He seemed so did not know that it was already behind him. † (182) Gatsby gets so close to the girl he’s in love with, so close but yet so far. Emotions is one of the key part to the human condition, love can play a big role in life, it can take control over your mind, soul, heart, everything, it can be the best feeling in the world or it can be the worst. It can feel like heaven but hurt like hell. But if love didn’t hurt or give the pain it gives then there would be no reasons to come back to it. Or to keep falling in and out of love. In The Adventures of Huckflnn, Huck lies throughout the book, but in some cases it’s for the best, to either save himself or someone he cares about. But it’s like Truth vs. Lies vs. Life and death, for example â€Å"Honest, I’ll tell you everything Just as it happened, your majesty. The man that had a-holt of me was very good to kept saying he had a boy about as big as me that he was sorry to see a boy in such a me, and ied last year, and dangerous fix; and when they was all took by surprise by coffin, he lets go sure! finding the gold, and made a rush for the of me and whispers, ‘Heel it now, or theyll hang ye, and I lit out. It didn’t seem no good for ME to stay†I couldn’t do nothing, and I didn’t want to be hung if I could So I never stopped running till I found the canoe; told Jim to hurry, or theyd catch me get away. You read "Is literature the expression of the human condition" in cate gory "Literature" and when I got here I and hang me yet, and said I was afeard you and the duke so was Jim, Jim if I 55) wasn’t alive now, and I was awful sorry, and and was awful glad when we see you coming; you may ask Huck is lying to save himself, but also he got lucky that the man that was holding him, his son died that year and was around his age and height, but it reminded n of his son. The man felt sorry for Huck, that he was in such a dangerous fix, so when the man got a chance to let Huck run, he did. The human condition, is like when we get a chance to lie we usually take it, Just as long as we get what we want, Just put words together and make it into sentences that people want to hear, but it’s all bull shit. An nice over being a asshole, out in the world there are mainly assholes, but ho can really blame them since if your too nice you get taken for granted. In Winesburg Ohio, literature is expressed through many of ways, in all of the short stories. In â€Å"Hands† a guy uses his hands to talk but he got kick out of his home town for doing that, for the town people thought he wasn’t the same as them, and they didn’t like people who where different, they wanted everything the same everyone the same. The coming of industrialization, attended by all the roar and rattle of affairs, the shrill cries of millions have come among us from overseas, trains, the growth of cities, of voices that he going and coming of the building of the interurban car lines that weave in in and out of towns and past farmhouses, and now these later days the coming of the automobiles has worked a tremendous change in lives and in the habits of thought of our people of Mid- America. â€Å"(56) U rbanization and travel have changed America, as the humanity started to change so did movement, traveling, and more to advance into the future. Making life easier, but in Winesburg Ohio, towns were full of one type of people because if you were different they would either run you out of the town or end up killing you, having someone different then veryone else Just wasn’t common for them. Going on, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, as a slave suffering was a daily thing, and white folks were stupid for insistence†¦ â€Å"l have often been utterly astonished, since I came to the north, to find persons who could speak of the among slaves, as evidence of their It is impossible to singing, contentment and happiness. conceive of a greater mistake. Slaves sing most when they are most unhappy. The songs of the slave sorrows of his heart; and he is relieved represent the by them, only as an aching heart is relieved by its often tears. At least, such is my experience. I have sung to drown my sorrow, but seldom to express my happiness. Crying for Joy, and singing for Joy, were uncommon to me while in the Jaws of slavery. alike The singing ofa man cast away upon a desolate considered as island might be as appropriately evidence of contentment and happiness, as the singing of a slave; the songs of the one and of the prompted by the same emotion. (2. 9) other are The white folks that seen the slave singing songs, and dancing thought that they were happy, but never really understand that they were hoping for slavery to stop, to be free. Every man and every women should have equal rights no matter what color black, white, yellow, blue.. ect. All humans are equal that how God made us, Just because some are better in other things than oth ers, doesn’t make them less human or equal, slavery could work either way. So why put yourself in a position that you wouldn’t want to be in, in the first place. The Things They Carried, as literature is the expression of the human condition, it can be a not so pretty site at time. Life’s already like a war, it’s like the battlefield of life, but then to add to it, we got the most horrible thing know to mankind â€Å"war. â€Å"When I’m out there at night, I feel close to my own body, I can feel my blood moving, my skin and my everything, it’s like I’m full of electricity fingernails, and I’m glowing in the dark– I’m on fire almost–l’m burning away to nothing–but it doesn’t matter because I know exactly where I am. (1 1 1) War can change all aspects of a man, it’s one of the most burial things in this world and watching with your only two pairs of eyes. We all have our own limits, till we finally break, and watching as your comrades or one of your best friends get shot, either critically injured, or to point they die. Will always change someone, chang e their life forever, war is not something to Joke about as are men fight for our safety and for us, we sit back at home living our life, like nothing going on. I’m skimming across the surface of my own history, moving fast, riding the melt beneath the loops and spins, and when I take a blades, doing high leap into the dark and come down thirty years Timmy’s later, I realize it is as Tim trying to save life with a story. â€Å"(246) In this quote it shows what people really would do to save someone life, because one life can make a big differences. But Literature is the expression of the human condition, for life is something worth wild, as words have all different kinds of meaning they all can be inter twined with each other, which can tell stories and which makes history as we know it. How to cite Is literature the expression of the human condition, Essays

The USSR under Stalin, 1924 to 1941 Essay Example Essay Example

The USSR under Stalin, 1924 to 1941 Essay Example Paper The USSR under Stalin, 1924 to 1941 Essay Introduction Stalin’s strengths- â€Å"comrade card index†- Held influential posts: Commissar for Nationalities; Orgburo; Politburo; from 1922 General Secretary- General Sec: power base, promoting + demoting- Party membership 801,000 (1925) =; 1.5mil (1929)- Decision making centralized Rivals weaknesses- No one rivaled influence- Trotsky, Bukharin, Kamanev, Zinoviev all underestimated Stalin: ‘great blur’- Kamanev + Zinoviev: hesitation in October revolution- Trotsky: Menshevik, arrogance, Jew, lack of power (no desire/effort) Round 1 – Trotsky- Lenin dies 1924- Stalin at funeral (chief mourner)/ Trotsky not- ‘Lenin legacy’ ‘heir’- Cult hero worship- 1924 – allies w Kamanev ; Zinoviev to prevent Trotsky becoming leader- Combined support overcomes Trotsky ; Political Testament- 1925 – Trotsky forced to resign as Commissar for War Round 2 – Left (1925-27)- 1926 Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamanev – ‘United Opposit ion’- Resistance to Stalin from left of Party- Not so united – previous opposition- ‘Permanent Revolution’ versus Stalin’s ‘Socialism in One Country’- Attacked NEP – supported rapid industrialization collectivization (pushing economy forward)- 1926 – ‘left’ defeated in Central Committee = met in secret then accused of forming factions – expelled from Politburo- Stalin packs hierarchy with supporters Round 3 – Right(1928-29)- 1928: Stalin proposes replacing NEP w rapid industrialization collectivization- Right opposed – wanted NEP (but industrial growth languishing, problems securing grain to feed cities, not allowing USSR to move forwards: industrial power)- Right: Tomsky, Rykov Bukharin- Party support for Stalin- April 1929, 16th Party Congress voted in favor of 1st Five-Year Plan Collectivization announced in December= Collectivization, agricultural policies Stalin’s aims and motives- increase State control over grain harvest- Collectivization his answer to grain procurement crisis 1927-28- Prices low: peasant little incentive to part with harvest- 1929: forced importation, bread rationing- 1927: War Communism + forced grain requisitioning: â€Å"Urals-Siberia Method’- Collectivization: Stalin sees as essential for rapid industrialization.- For (supposedly): feed cities, yield surplus workers, surplus for export = capital, NEP: delivering only 2 million tons of grain for export (1927), more efficient- Concentrating peasants, collectives, OGPU = greater Party control- Constructing socialist economy Reality- 120million people involved- State controlled collective farms established- Kulak class: policy of liquidation, Dec 1929 (applied to any peasant resisting collectivization)- 1930 forced collectivization: 14million collectivized households- Active resistance: OGPU (resistors: shot, deported or arrested) quelled- With industrialization, jobs incr ease, urban pop. increase: Communist Party success- Resistance: slaughtering livestock (1/2 USSR cattle and horses, 65% of sheep lost) lengthy recovery- ‘Dizzy with Success’: Stalin claims brutality of Collectivization was out of central control- End to compulsion: voluntary- Concessions: small private plots, animals- However, pressure to collectivize was steadily reapplied Results- 1935: 90% USSR rural land collectivized- However, most peasants living conditions had not changed- had no significantly increased agricultural productivity: grain harvest fell early/mid 1930’s- No incentive for peasantry: seemed like return to serfdom- State procurements rose: peasants yielded 39% in 1933- 1933-34 famine: preventable if regime hadn’t continued to export vast quantities of grain through terrible famine (5mill died in Ukraine alone)- Food rationing 1929-1935- Disaster: no incentive for peasants, large imports, famine= Five-Year Plans Aims- catch up with industria lized West; modernize Soviet industry to prevent invasion of hostile capitalist powers (Stalin)- NEP: doubted by party officials, ideologically ‘wrong’,- Trotsky had originally been pro dissolving NEP. 1928: Party favored a more socialist economic policy Reality- 1st 1928-32; 2nd 1933-37; 3rd 1938-41- Gosplan: 1927 proposed ambitious Five-Year Plan. Emphasis on heavy industry- NEP ended; factory private ownership outlawed- State: total control over urban workforce; internal passports- Workforce: peasants forced of land; women recruited- Urban population 27-57 million (1928-41)- Money: exported grain buys western machinery; taxes raised; living standards depressed- Factories; isolated locations in fear of invasion; rich in mineral resources: Magnitogorsk, etc- Propaganda and bonus pay employed to inspire work rate and productivity: Stakhanov- Failure to meet target: Gulag Results- Successful in expanding output, official Soviet figures grossly inflated: but 7-14% growth- Developed industry allowed USSR to outlast and outbuild Germany in war of attrition: Five-Year Plans were a major cause of Nazi Germany’s defeat- Major redistribution of population- Increase in literacy rates (education=educated workforce) However.- Plans: not completed; affected by purges; disrupted by war- Targets quantitative not qualitative: produce poor- International prestige = Moscow Metro, Belomor Canal: little value- Fear of punishment affects workload and quality- Living standards fell; wages fell; overcrowding in towns; little consumer goods- caught up with west?= Nature of Soviet State and Cult of PersonalityBackground The State- closing of Constituent Assembly Jan 1918 = initiation of single party rule- outlawed other parties; expelled members; Secret Police (Cheka) = OGPU =NKVD.- Monopolization of State institutions by Communist Party: Sovnarkom (Lenin and ministers) Oct 1917. The Party- 1919 Politburo: initially only Stalin, Lenin, Trotsky, Kamanev, Zinoviev ( more power then Sovnarkom)- Stalin: unequalled power in party- Politburo Central Committee Party Congress- 1921 Split in Party: Workers Opposition (for trade unions) and Democratic Centralists (democracy)- Lenin 10th Party Congress banned factionalism (survive Kronstadt Rebellion, etc). Ban never lifted (silence rivals) 1924 Constitution- Set up USSR: federation of 4 Republics, and 16 autonomous republics (less governing power than the republics)- Union Government in Moscow controlled important matters: e.g. economic and foreign policy Soviet State under Stalin- Power in Party = Lenin: Sovnarkom, Stalin: Politburo (increased Party control over State institutions + personal power)- Towards ruthless dictatorship: NKVD enlarged; prison camps expanded Stalin Constitution 1936- 1936-77 â€Å"Stalin Constitution†- USSR Democratic on paper: increased no. of republics (11) but Moscow still with ultimate power- Supreme Soviet legislative body created. â€Å"Democratic†: secre t ballot elections; 18+ years vote. However: one candidate for each region; no choice.- Supreme Soviet: Soviet of the Union and Soviet of the Nationalities: only met few times each year; no power; merely gave approval- Public relations exercise: â€Å"Democratic†- introduced during height of Purges and Show Trials= Extent of Stalin’s power Stalin’s control over Party- All rivals eliminated: purges, show trials- dominated all committees: Politburo and Orgburo- run Party = run government = run country What was extent of his power?Traditional View- Creator of efficient dictatorship- Lenin destroying old political system allowed for Stalin to create a more totalitarian system and greater personal power (Stalin) than either Mussolini or HitlerRevisionist Views- Extent of efficiency- â€Å"dizzy with success†= Cult of Personality- 50th birthday 1929: Party newspaper, Pravda, thousands of greeting for Stalin- Lenin’s devoted disciple- Artists, writers exp ected to promote image of his genius: distort history= Purges – impact on society Background- had occurred before 1930: less- 1921: first purge, 25% Party expelled- 1936-39: unprecedented purge of Party- Gulags Kirov’s murder, 1934- Kirov, Leningrad Communist Party boss: murdered Dec 1934- Stalin’s involvement? Pretext to the Terror?- NKVD given extensive powers to deal with terrorists: investigations by completed within 10 days and that there be no lawyers at terrorist trials.- 1934-35 fall in arrests (positives in five-year plans) Show Trials1936- first major: Kamanev, Zinoviev and 14 other leading â€Å"old Bolsheviks† convicted of treason and executed = accused of Kirov’s murder- Confessions- Sept. NKVD boss Yagoda arrested, replaced by Yezhov: Great Purge/Yezhovschina1937- 353,000 executed- August: Politburo legalized torture- Second major show trial: â€Å"the Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Centre† tried for conspiring with Nazi Germany = 17 l eading Communists tried and executed- April-May leading Generals arrested- By end of 1938 two thirds of Red Army’s senior officers had been arrested and shot.1938- Third major show trial: 18, including Bukharin and Rykov1939- Yezkov arrested and replaced by Beria: end of mass arrests- Millions remained in Gulags- 1940: Trotsky murdered in Mexico by Stalinist agent Why did they happen (diff. interpretations)- â€Å"opponents†- impose authority and suppressing opposition to policies- War scares created a climate of fear and suspicion- â€Å"dizzy with success†= Impact of the Purges- 2.8 million party members in 1934, about 1million expelled by 1939- 8-9million arrests; 3million in Gulags- Red Army’s leadership purged and therefore inexperienced at start of war with Germany 1941: fatal- Arrests of engineers, managers: undermined Second and Third Five-Year Plans= Foreign relations Background to Stalin’s Foreign Policy- Little foreign support after Bols hevik victory 1917 Stalin looks for allies- Hitler: anti-communist- tried to secure USSR with allies in West How did Stalin try to make the USSR more secure- 1934: joined League of Nations- 1935: signed treaties w France Czechoslovakia – promising support- Comintern- 1936-39: gave military aid to Republicans in Spain (but Franco won Civil War)- After 1938 Munich Conference (Stalin not invited) Sudetenland handed over to Germany (part of Czechoslovakia) Stalin concluded Non-Aggression Pact w Germany= Nazi Soviet Pact Why?- Time for rearmament program- Hopeful: Germany in long exhausting war w France Britain- Extend USSR territory influence over Eastern Europe What?- Secretly divide Poland- Germany gave USSR help to conquer Bessarabia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia Finland Results- September 1939: Germany invaded Poland, USSR invades eastern Poland – Poland surrendered end of October. Britain France declare war on Germany September- Winter 1939-40: Estonia, Latvia Li thuania occupied by Red Army: USSR demanded land in Finland = war. USSR expelled from League of Nations End- June 1941: Germany invades USSR = Operation Barbarossa- had tried desperately to maintain peace: arms to Germany, ignored intelligence reports of immanent invasion USSR Far East 1938-41- 1938/39: armed clashes between Japan USSR in Outer Mongolia- April 1941: Japanese sign Non-Aggression Pact w Russia- Stalin avoids war on two fronts The USSR under Stalin, 1924 to 1941 Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Views on plastic surgery essays

Views on plastic surgery essays A Sociological View on Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery The human desire to appear attractive is universal; its permeating throughout history and in all parts of the world. Both men and women have gone to great lengths to beautify themselves. Although the desire to be beautiful may well be universal, what is considered beautiful is not. Since beauty is in the eye of the beholder, it depends on ones culture and socialization. The progress in plastic surgery, like in most of the medical discoveries, moved glacially for hundreds of years. It was not until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that the specialty forged ahead both scientifically and within the medical establishment in both Europe and the United States. Because of the awful injuries it often inflicted on its participants, war was the driving force behind most plastic surgery developments during the late 1800s and early 1900s. In fact it was the war that catapulted plastic surgery into a new and higher realm. Cosmetic plastic surgery is performed in order to change ones appearance. For some, it may mean redesigning the bodys contour and shape, the elimination of wrinkles, or eliminating balding areas. Others may choose varicose vein treatment or breast augmentation. There are a number of cosmetic surgery procedures that men and women can choose from in order to create an image that makes them feel more confident and comfortable with their appearance. Although health insurance rarely covers the cost of cosmetic procedures, the number of individuals deciding to undergo cosmetic plastic surgery continues to grow. The top three cosmetic surgeries for 1999 included liposuction, breast augmentation, and eyelid surgery. About 500,000 women had one or more of these surgeries in 1999. This is a 26 percent increase from 1998. Further, it is not just women who are opting to enhance their appearance through surgery. Statistics show t...

What Youll Do and Can Expect From a Teaching Assistantship

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